Articles
2
Students Arrested for Alleged High Tech Cheating on GRE
http://chronicle.com/free/2002/11/2002112102t.htm
Two Columbia University students were arrested and charged
with third-degree burglary and unlawful duplication of computer
material after attempting to get an edge on the Graduate
Record Examination (GRE). This November 21, 2002 article
from The Chronicle of Higher Education discusses
the high tech methods the two allegedly used to carry out
their scheme and how they got caught.
Academic
Integrity
http://ethics.sandiego.edu/Resources/AcademicIntegrity/Index.html
University of San Diego resources, including Lawrence Hinman's
presentation, "Virtual Virtue: Academic Integrity and
the World Wide Web" can be found at this site. Some
of the issues covered include dealing with the development
of computing, approaches to academic integrity, plagiarism
& honesty, and reshaping the educational process.
Biases
in the Interpretation and Use of Research Results
http://ist-socrates.berkeley.edu/~maccoun/MacCoun_AnnualReview98.pdf
Robert J. MacCoun discusses attempts made to use science
to study science and the biases that are associated with
this type of research. He explores the biases that are common
in scientific research, and poses possible solutions to
reduce these biases.
The
Brain Revolution and Ethics (free registration may be
required to access)
http://www.the-scientist.com/yr2002/oct/opin_021028.html
Is it ethically wrong to alter the brain in order to make
it function better? Are aspects of the brain revolution
that lead to the enhancement of the mind creating more inequity
between the haves and the have nots? This article published
in the October 28, 2002 issue of The Scientist explores
the ethical aspects surrounding brain alterations.
Crossing
the Line (must be subscribed to The Chronicle of
Higher Education to access)
http://chronicle.com/weekly/v49/i09/09a00801.htm
Is it acceptable for an anthropologist studying heroin use
to use Federal grant funds to purchase and use the illegal
drug in order to understand his subjects? This article that
appeared in the October 25, 2002 issues of The Chronicle
of Higher Education examines what happened when Ansley
Hamid, a professor at John Jay College of Criminal Justice
(NY) was accused of misusing funds and drugs.
The
Emperor's New Science: French TV Stars Rock the World of
Theoretical Physics (must be subscribed to The Chronicle
of Higher Education to access)
http://chronicle.com/weekly/v49/i12/12a01601.htm
Were the 3 articles written by a pair of French twin brothers
and published in physics journals merely a string of nonsensical
terms that slipped through the cracks of a peer-review process?
This November 15, 2002 article from The Chronicle of
Higher Education discusses the research being conducted
by Igor and Grichka Bogdanov, and provides arguments as
to whether they are involved in a hoax or just non-mainstream,
eclectic research that is new to the field.
Ethical
Issues in Physics Workshop
http://www.physics.emich.edu/mthomsen/ethtaboc.htm
Papers presented on scientific ethics at the Ethical Issues
in Physics Workshop can be found at this site. Examples
of the types of subjects covered at the workshop include
the following two papers.
- Ethical
Problems and Dilemmas in the Interaction between Science
and Media
http://www.physics.emich.edu/mthomsen/resn2.htm
David Resnik, Department of Philosophy and The Center
for the Advancement of Ethics at the University of Wyoming
discusses interactions scientists have with the media
and offers some suggestions for solving ethical dilemmas
that may arise from these dealings.
- Philosophical
Foundations of Scientific Ethics
http://www.physics.emich.edu/mthomsen/resn1.htm
"Philosophical Foundations of Scientific Ethics"
is another paper David Resnick presented at the Ethical
Issues in Physics Workshop. Resnick discusses the concepts
of scientific ethics and suggests that internal concerns
and the norms of society guide scientific ethics.
- Research
vs. Teaching: An Ethical Dilemma for the Academic Physicist
http://www.physics.emich.edu/mthomsen/sape.htm
Alvin M. Saperstein, Department of Physics & Center
for Peace and Conflict Studies at Wayne State University,
discusses a growing concern with the process of teaching
rather than the subject matter being taught. He suggests
that some faculty are not really concerned with what students
are learning and discusses some of the ethical issues
that surround this concern.
The
Ethics of Collecting and Processing Data and Publishing
Results of Scientific Research
http://www.unmc.edu/ethics/data/data_int.htm
Cases of scientific fraud have been making the headlines
recently, and these incidents have a detrimental effect
on public attitudes toward science and scientific funding.
Michael D. Mann, PhD in the Department of Physiology &
Biophysics at the University of Nebraska Medical Center
discusses unethical behavior in science and stresses the
importance of teaching students about proper conduct while
they are students. Mann also provides links to the following
resources:
The
Ethics of Scientific Research--A Guidebook for Course Development
http://www.dartmouth.edu/artsci/ethics-inst/Stern_Elliott.pdf
Judy Stern and Deni Elliott at the Institute for the Study
of Applied and Professional Ethics at Dartmouth College
believe that sometimes even the best intentions can lead
to unethical decisions. This guidebook is designed to provide
an outline to those who are trying to integrate ethics into
their curriculum. The program Stern and Elliott propose
is intended to provide students with the skills needed to
see ethical dilemmas from a new viewpoint.
Ethics,
Preferred Practices and the Professoriate
http://de.comdis.wisc.edu/users/mchial/Chial/InstDevSite/ethics.htm
Michael Chial, Professor of Communicative Disorders at the
University of Wisconsin-Madison outlines ethical principles
faculty should uphold in dealing with undergraduate and
graduate students.
Flirting
with Fraud--Millikan, Mendel and the Fringes of Integrity
http://www1.umn.edu/ships/updates/fraud.htm
Is fraud a tool of genius? This essay discusses fraud cases
that have popped up in science recently and takes a look
at Robert Millikan, who won a Nobel Prize in 1923 for an
oil-drop experiment.
For
Fear of a Cognitive Divide (free registration may be
required to access)
http://www.the-scientist.com/yr2002/oct/research1_021028.html
Ethical dilemmas surround the use of cognitive enhancers
for persons who have not been diagnosed with any physical
ailments. Ethicists are debating whether or not the perceived
benefits outweigh the risks associated with some of these
drugs. Various groups, like the U. S. military, are very
interested in utilizing such drugs, and this October 28,
2002 article from The Scientist explores the ethical
aspects associated with the use and misuse of cognitive
enhancers.
David
Goodstein
David Goodstein is a Vice Provost and professor of physics
and applied physics at California Institute of Technology.
His home page can be located at http://www.its.caltech.edu/~dg/.
- The
Big Crunch
http://www.its.caltech.edu/%7Edg/crunch_art.html
American science education and the historical juncture
it is at right now is the topic discussed by Goodstein
in this article. He suggests that the crises that face
science are not just about jobs and research funding,
but about honesty and ethical behavior among scientists.
Previous
versions of this article have been published as "Scientific
PhD Problems", American Scholar, vol. 62,
no. 2, spring 1993, and "Scientific Elites and
Scientific Illiterates", Ethics, Values and
the Promise of Science, Forum Proceedings, Sigma
Xi, The Science Research Society, February 25-26, 1993,
pg. 61, and Engineering and Science Spring 1993,
vol. 56, no. 3, pg. 22.
- Conduct
and Misconduct in Science
http://www.its.caltech.edu/%7Edg/conduct_art.html
This article by Goodstein takes a look at the motives
surrounding scientific fraud, and proposes what he calls,
"The Myth of the Noble Scientist".
- Scientific
Elites and Scientific Illiterates
http://www.phds.org/reading/elites.html
Goodstein explores the paradox of how the United States
can have the best scientists in the world while we have
some of the worst scientific education in the industrial
world. This conundrum is what Goodstein refers to as "The
Paradox of the Scientific Elites and the Scientific Illiterates".
- Scientific
Misconduct
http://www.aaup.org/publications/Academe/02JF/02jfgoo.htm
Goodstein has acquired lots of experience in the area
of research ethics and has found that serious misconduct
is rare, but that doesn't mean that measures to protect
science aren't needed. His observations are reported in
this article in Academe.
- Whatever
Happened to Cold Fusion?
http://www.its.caltech.edu/%7Edg/fusion_art.html
Cold fusion is an area Goodstein refers to as the "pariah
of the scientific field". He discusses this area
that has virtually no communication with the respectable
sciences.
C.
K. Gunsalus
- How
to Blow the Whistle and Still Have a Career Afterwards
http://www.indiana.edu/~poynter/see-ckg1.pdf
Gunsalus, an attorney who has had years of experience
dealing with a wide range of academic misconduct at the
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, shares her
advice on reporting cases of misconduct. She discusses
things to consider when deciding whether or not to report
perceived misconduct, and what to do once the whistle
has been blown.
- Preventing
the Need for Whistleblowing; Practical Advice for University
Administrators
http://www.indiana.edu/~poynter/see-ckg2.pdf
Steps for handling misconduct cases once a formal complaint
has been filed are usually in place in academic institutions.
Guidelines and policies designed to create an ethical
environment may not be so entrenched into the university
culture. Gunsalus discusses things institutions can do
to diminish and prevent the need for whistleblowing.
Integrity
and Misconduct in Research
http://www.aau.edu/reports/CORIRpt.pdf
"Integrity and Misconduct in Research" is a report
of the Commission on Research Integrity that is designed
to help advance scientific integrity and efforts in dealing
with reports of misconduct. The Commission was formed in
1993 by Congress in response to the misconduct controversies
that surrounded the scientific community.
Integrity
in Scientific Research (2002): Creating an Environment that
Promotes Responsible Conduct
http://www.nap.edu/books/0309084792/html
This 151 page report was produced by the Committee on Assessing
Integrity in Research Environments and was made possible
by support from the Office of Research Integrity as a way
to address accountability in research and ways researchers
can perform their work with integrity. This document discusses
the findings of the Committee.
Kennedy
Institute of Ethics Journal
http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/kennedy_institute_of_ethics_journal/
The Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal provides a diverse
selection of viewpoints in the area of bioethics. Topics
such as bioethics from a feminist perspective, euthanasia,
genetics, organ transplantation and health care reform are
merely a few of the areas discussed. Coverage of the Journal
is from 1996 to the present.
Legal
Aspects of Academic Dishonesty
http://campus.northpark.edu/esl/dishnst.html
Dennis Bricault consulted current literature, case law and
surveyed 52 North Park University faculty in writing this
article. He provides an overview of his findings about academic
dishonest and its causes and discusses the legal issues
affecting academic misconduct.
Macrina,
F.L. 2000. Scientific Integrity - An Introductory
Text with Cases (Second Edition) American Society for
Microbiology Press, Washington, DC. (336 pp.)
**Copies are available in the University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign Library. Check the online catalog (http://www.library.uiuc.edu/catalog/)
for specific location and availability.
The
Misuse of Statistics
http://ori.dhhs.gov/multimedia/acrobat/papers/gardenier.pdf
John Gardener, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention, and David Resnick, Brody
School of Medicine, East Carolina University, discuss the
recent development of statistical ethics, why misuse of
statistics in research happens, and the importance of correcting
misuse of research statistics.
On
Being a Scientist: Responsible Conduct in Research
http://bob.nap.edu/readingroom/books/obas
In the past, young scientists learned how to deal with ethical
questions by observing how the senior scientists they were
working with handled these situations. Things have gotten
more complex and intertwined that supplemental materials
and training were needed. The publication, On Being a
Scientist was created in response to this need.
Penslar,
R. 1995. Research Ethics: Cases and Materials.
Indiana University Press, Bloomington.
**Copies are available in the University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign Library. Check the online catalog (http://www.library.uiuc.edu/catalog/)
for specific location and availability.
President
of Quincy U. Resigns After Trustees Question Accuracy of
His Resume (must be subscribed to The Chronicle of
Higher Education to access)
http://chronicle.com/daily/2002/10/2002103003n.htm
Rev. Eugene R. Kole, president of Quincy University (Quincy,
IL) resigned from his post on Monday, October 28, 2002 after
the University's Board of Trustees discovered that educational
experience listed on Kole's resume was inaccurate. This
article from the October 30, 2002 edition of The Chronicle
of Higher Education details the situation.
Professional
Ethics, Day by Day
http://www.aaup.org/publications/Academe/02JF/02jfrow.htm
Wendy Wassyng Roworth, professor of art history and women's
studies at the University of Rhode Island and chair of the
AAUP's Committee on Professional Ethics discusses the Joseph
Ellis case at Mount Holyoke College and the ethical responsibilities
faculty members have to their campus, to their colleagues
and to their students.
Professional
Ethics Report
http://www.aaas.org/spp/sfrl/per/per.htm
This publication is the result of collaboration by the AAAS
Scientific Freedom, Responsibility and Law Program, the
Committee on Scientific Freedom and Responsibility and the
Professional Society Ethics Group. E-mail alerts regarding
new issues of the Professional Ethics Report can be sent
via e-mail to "subscribers" of this service.
Professor
at UC-San Diego Admits to Lying on Résumé,
Steps Down as State's Poet Laureate (must be subscribed
to The Chronicle of Higher Education to access)
http://chronicle.com/daily/2002/10/2002102103n.htm
Quincy Troupe, a professor of literature & creative
writing at the University of California at San Diego, stepped
down from his poet laureate post after a routine background
check revealed that he falsified data on his resume. Troupe
was California's first poet laureate and has held teaching
positions at schools such as Columbia University, Ohio University
and the University of California at Los Angeles. He has
been a professor at the University of California-San Diego
since 1991.
Research
Ethics in the Headlines
http://mhlp.fmhi.usf.edu/Training/ethics/readings/headlines.htm
The Department of Mental Health Law and Policy at the Louis
de la Parte Florida Mental Health Institute at the University
of South Florida has developed a training program to teach
behavioral health services researchers ethically responsible
research. Part of their site includes a list of news articles
from various sources that touch on research ethics issues.
Research
Fraud Needn't Happen at All
http://www.apa.org/monitor/feb02/fraud.html
This article by Bridget Murray was published in the February
2002 issue of Monitor on Psychology. Murray discusses
the prevalence or lack thereof of data fraud and the damage
it causes to the profession each time allegations surface.
She presents steps that can be taken to reduce misconduct
in research.
Responsible
Conduct of Research (RCR) Education
- Preempting
Discord--Prenuptial Agreements for Scientists
http://ori.dhhs.gov/html/programs/preempting_discord.asp
When scientists collaborate on projects, disputes may
arise that often cause significant damage. Sometimes misunderstandings
occur because the scientists fail to define their expectations
of each other. This article address whether or not written
agreements are needed to eliminate assumptions.
- Silence
is not Golden--Making Collaborations Work
http://ori.dhhs.gov/html/programs/science_is_not_golden.asp
This article discusses scientists, collaborative research
projects and what happens when conflicts and disputes
arise.
The
Responsible Conduct of Research in the Health Sciences (1989)
http://stills.nap.edu/books/0309062373/html/
Does the research environment encourage scientific misconduct?
This report examines issues of this nature, and proposed
ways to encourage ethical standards without compromising
the creativity of the scientists.
Responsible
Science, Volume I (1992): Ensuring the Integrity of the
Research Process
http://stills.nap.edu/books/0309047315/html/
A twenty-two member panel on Scientific Responsibility and
the Conduct of Research was charged with addressing the
following questions.
- What
is the state of current knowledge about modern research
practices that may affect integrity of research?
- What
are the advantages and disadvantages of educational efforts
to promote research integrity?
- What
are appropriate rolls for private and public institutions
in promoting responsible research practices?
The panel's
findings are presented in this document.
Responsible
Science, Volume II (1993): Ensuring the Integrity of the
Research Process
http://lab.nap.edu/books/0309047889/html/
Six background papers plus selected institutional guidelines,
reports, policies and procedures were used by the panel
on Scientific Responsibility and the Conduct of Research
to develop several chapters of Responsible Science, Volume
I (http://stills.nap.edu/books/0309047315/html/).
Those resources are available at this site.
The
Role and Activities of Scientific Societies in Promoting
Research Integrity
http://www.aaas.org/spp/sfrl/projects/report.pdf
In April 2000, the conference entitled "The Role and
Activities of Scientific Societies in Promoting Research
Integrity" was held in Washington D. C. to discuss
the roles of scientific societies in promoting ethical conduct.
This document is a summary of the conference proceedings
along with the recommendations for future research and action
needed for promoting research integrity.
Ryan
Commission Report, Integrity and Misconduct in Research
http://www.faseb.org/opa/cri.html
The Commission on Research Integrity to the Secretary of
Health and Human Services, The Committee on Commerce, and
the Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources presents
this report that outlines its findings in the areas of research
misconduct, education & standards for research integrity,
responsible whistle blowing and investigations in research
misconduct.
Science
Magazine
http://www.sciencemag.org
Science Magazine often publishes articles dealing
with research ethics and academic integrity in science.
The archives contain articles going back to 1995, but any
issues prior to October 1995 only contain table of contents
information.
Science
Teaching and the Fringes of Integrity
http://www1.umn.edu/ships/ethics/mott.htm
Mick Nott and Robin Smith, Centre for Science Education
at Sheffield Hallam University in England, address the issue
of teachers engaging in fraud. Nott and Smith examine how
science instructors often encounter experiments "going
wrong", and the authors discuss the responses they
collected from science instructors faced with things "going
wrong". An expanded version of this article appeared
in the International Journal of Science Education.
Scientific
Fraud and the Power Structure of Science
http://www.uow.edu.au/arts/sts/bmartin/pubs/92prom.html
Brian Martin, an associate professor in Science, Technology
and Society at the University of Wollongong (Australia),
has written this article that was originally published in
the June 1992 (Vol. 10, No. 1) edition of Prometheus.
Martin explores what criteria constitute scientific fraud
and how very few cases involving dubious research practices
are singled out and labeled to be scientific fraud. The
results and possible benefits of focusing on a few violators
are discussed.
Sensitizing
Students to Research Fraud
http://www.lemoyne.edu/OTRP/otrpresources/otrp_sensitiz.html
At the 1990 American Psychological Association annual conference,
attendees raised concern over the number of research fraud
incidents in the behavioral and social sciences. They discovered
that teaching materials to educate undergraduate students
about research ethics did not exist at that time. The group
also discussed the fact that some students do not realize
what constitutes misconduct and some "little scientific
misdemeanors" are even reinforced at the undergraduate
level.
University
Science Squads Ferret Out Fraud
http://www.the-scientist.com/yr2002/nov/prof_021111.html
In the past, approximately 30% of university investigations
uncovered breeches in academic integrity. Recently, though,
that number has jumped to 60%. Are universities getting
better at uncovering research misconduct? This November
11, 2002 article from The Scientist examines how
universities have improved their detection techniques and
have altered systems for handling misconduct charges.
What
Scientists Can Do To Fight The Frankenstein Myth
http://www.the-scientist.com/yr1998/mar/opin_980302.html
This opinion piece that appeared in The Scientist,
by Mildred S. Dresselhaus, president of the American Association
for the Advancement of Science and an Institute Professor
at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, suggests that
scientists should use the current public scrutiny to help
facilitate the move toward research integrity.
Back
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Case Studies
The
Case of John Roland Darsee
http://www.unmc.edu/ethics/data/darsee.htm
Darsee was considered to be a golden boy in the area of
scientific research. After suspicions were raised that his
abstracts contained no actual research, his career was detrimentally
damaged. This case outlines details surrounding this situation
and what happened after he admitted to falsifying data.
Cases
on Research Ethics
http://rcr.ucsd.edu/tools/cases.htm
A list of cases plus instructions for how to use the cases
is available at this site. This Cases on Research Ethics
site is part of the RCR: The Online Resource for Instruction
and Training in Research Ethics project at http://rcr.ucsd.edu/index.html.
Chowan
Center for Ethics: Case Studies
http://www.chowan.edu/acadp/ethics/studies.htm
Faculty at Chowan College in Murfreesboro, North Carolina
voted to establish the Chowan Center for Ethics in 1997.
The Center's principle objective is "to heighten ethical
awareness and 'moral imagination'" by encouraging discussion
about today's ethical issues. Numerous resources can be
found in sections like the Ethics and Community Resource
Sites.
Clinical
Research Workshop Program
http://ethics.ucsd.edu/workshops/CRW/cases/case6.htm
The Clinical Research Workshop Program site is a collaborative
effort of the University of California San Diego (UCSD)
and the University of California San Francisco (UCSF). Michael
Kalichman, PhD UCSD and Susan Eastwood, ELS UCSF, developed
this site to operate as a framework for the workshops which
focus on practical and ethical research activities. Case
studies are provided for each topic category.
Michael
Kalichman has also been involved in the Ethics and Survival
Skills Workshop. Cases from that program can be found at
http://ethics.ucsd.edu/courses/survival/resources/misconduct.htm.
College
Administration Publications: Case Studies
http://www.collegepubs.com/ref/CaseStudies.shtml
College Administration Publications was founded in 1973
and is a periodicals, monographs and seminar provider. Their
publications focus on law and policy issues in higher education.
The case studies provided at their site cover academic integrity,
free speech, harassment and suicide prevention.
Ethical
Dilemmas in the University: University of British Columbia
(UBC)
http://www.cstudies.ubc.ca/facdev/services/newsletter/89/mar89-1.html
Academics at the University of British Columbia (Canada)
began a series or workshops designed to address ethical
dilemmas encountered at UBC. The cases presented at this
site have been excerpted from The Teaching Professor
(January 1989).
Ethics
of Education
http://www.uvsc.edu/ethics/curriculum/education/
The Center for the Student of Ethics at Utah Valley State
College (Orem, UT) developed this set of cases for their
Ethics Across the Curriculum seminar. Topics addressed by
the cases presented at this site include equipment usage,
software sharing, fair grading policies and copying.
Ethics
Updates: Ethics Case Studies
http://ethics.acusd.edu/resources/cases/HomeOverview.asp
Lawrence Hinman founded this site to be primarily used by
ethics instructors and their students in 1994 and continues
to edit and maintain it. Cases studies covering topics in
business, family, academic and social ethics are provided
in this section of the Ethics Updates site. A discussion
forum for each case is coming soon.
Information
Literacy Ethics Cases
http://www.ycp.edu/library/ifl/etext/etcases.htm
Kimberley Donnelly and Susan Campbell, professors at York
College (PA), developed these cases for an Information Literacy
101 class. Each of the 12 case examples are designed to
spark discussions about the ethical dilemmas posed in each
case as well as possible solutions to the situation described.
Institute
for Global Ethics
http://www.globalethics.org/dilemmas/default.tmpl
The mission of the Institute for Global Ethics is "to
promote ethical behavior in individuals, institutions, and
nations through research, public discourse, and practical
action". Cases presented at this site come from real-life
stories told by participants in their Ethical Fitness™
Seminars. Business, education and medical issues are some
of the topics covered by the cases.
Markkula
Center for Applied Ethics
http://www.scu.edu/ethics/practicing/focusareas/cases.cfm
The Markkula Center for Applied Ethics was founded in 1986
and has grown into one of the most active university applied
ethics centers in the country. It is based at Santa Clara
University, and was initially funded by an endowment by
Linda and A. C. "Mike" Markkula Jr. Articles,
cases, briefings and dialogue in all areas of applied ethics
can be found at this online center.
Moral
Reasoning in Scientific Research: Cases for Teaching and
Assessment
http://www.indiana.edu/~poynter/mr.pdf
Materials found at this site were developed for the "Teaching
Research Ethics: A Workshop at Indiana University (TRE)"
program in December 1995. It is designed to help instructors
formulate responses to ethical situations that arise in
science. Information on how to use these materials, case
studies, and judging responses to moral problems are just
a few of the sections included in this document.
The
Online Ethics Center for Engineering & Science
http://onlineethics.org
The Online Ethics Center is a great ethics resource for
the sciences. It was established in the fall of 1995 under
a grant from NSF, and its mission is to "provide engineers
and scientists and science and engineering students with
resources useful for understanding and addressing ethically
significant problems that arise in their work life. Links
to cases, essays, codes of ethics and reference materials
are merely a few of the resources found at this site.
Kenneth
Pimple's Home Page
http://php.indiana.edu/~pimple/
Kenneth Pimple is the director of the Teaching Research
Ethics Programs at the Poynter Center. His home page has
numerous ethics resources including papers and presentations
on ethics, case studies, and letters on federal policy.
Selected
RRP Case Studies & Materials
http://www.responsibility.research.umich.edu/casematerialsdir.html
The cases presented at this site have been adapted for the
University of Michigan Research Responsibility Program (RRP).
Responsibility in research, authorship issues, conflict
of interest and data management are a few of the topics
addressed by the cases.
SHiPS:
Research Ethics
http://www1.umn.edu/ships/ethics/research.htm
SHiPS began in 1989 and is made up of a network of sciences
teachers. They developed this online library for researchers
to use as a resource to plan and learn more about the social
sciences and about social science issues. The section on
Research Ethics contains classroom and historical case studies,
institutions & policies, periodicals and essays.
Back
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Policies and Guidelines
American
Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
http://www.aaas.org/
AAAS was founded in 1848, and its mission includes the following
4 areas:
- Science
and Policy
- International
Programs
- Education
and Human Resources
- Project
2061
American
Physical Society Guidelines for Professional Conduct
http://web.mit.edu/afs/athena.mit.edu/course/2/2.95j/Codes-of-Ethics/APS-Code-of-Conduct.html
The guidelines outlined in this document are the "minimum
standards" of ethical behavior relating to research
results, publication & authorship practices, peer review
and conflict of interest issues in the physics profession.
American
Psychological Association (APA)
- Ethical
Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct
http://www.apa.org/ethics/code.html
The current version of the Code of Ethics was adopted
by the American Psychological Association Council of Representatives
in August 1992. It includes information about issues pertaining
to privacy & confidentiality, therapy, publishing
and more.
- Ethical
Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct--Draft
http://anastasi.apa.org/draftethicscode/
APA is currently in the process of updating their Code.
This is a draft version of the update.
- Guidelines
for Ethical Conduct in the Care and Use of Animals
http://www.apa.org/science/anguide.html
This is a set of guidelines developed by APA to be used
by psychologists working with animals. The document covers
areas such as housing of animals, experimental procedures,
and educational use of animals.
American
Public Health Association (APHA): Public Health Code of
Ethics
http://www.apha.org/codeofethics/ethics.htm
The ethical principles that appear in this APHA code of
ethics highlight issues that are unique to the public health
field.
American
Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
ASCE was founded in 1852 and is one of the oldest national
engineering societies.
American
Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) International Ethics
http://www.asme.org/asme/policies/p15-7.html
ASME requires its members to adhere to the ethical standards
addressed in this code.
American
Statistical Association (ASA): Ethical Guidelines for Statistical
Practice
http://www.amstat.org/profession/ethicalstatistics.html
ASA's Committee on Professional Ethics prepared these guidelines,
and they were approved by their Board of Directors on August
7, 1999. This document contains two sections: the preamble
and ethical guidelines.
Applied
Research Ethics National Association (ARENA)
http://www.primr.org/arena.html
ARENA is a national membership organization that deals with
biomedical and behavioral research issues such as scientific
misconduct, ethical decision-making in health care, and
the protection of human and animal subjects. The group was
organized in 1986.
Association
for Practical and Professional Ethics
http://php.ucs.indiana.edu/~appe/home.html
The Association for Practical and Professional Ethics was
founded in 1991 with the support of Indiana University and
a Lilly Endowment. Their mission is to "encourage interdisciplinary
scholarship and teaching of high quality in practical and
professional ethics by educators and practitioners."
This site includes association information, association
activities, association publications, and electronic networking
opportunities.
Association
of University Professors (AAUP): Statement on Professional
Ethics
http://www.aaup.org/statements/Redbook/Rbethics.htm
The statement that appears at this site is a revised version
that originally appeared in 1966. In 1987, the Association's
Council adopted this current document that was endorsed
at the Seventy-third Annual Meeting.
Center
for Academic Integrity (CAI)
http://www.academicintegrity.org
The Center for Academic Integrity is affiliated with the
Kenan Institute of Ethics at Duke University, and their
mission is "to identify and affirm the values of academic
integrity and to promote their achievement in practice".
Council
on Undergraduate Research (CUR)
http://www.cur.org/conferences/responsibility/ResRespons.html
The mission of the CUR is to "support and promote high-quality
undergraduate student-faculty collaborative research and
scholarship". In June 2002, CUR held a major symposium
on Research Responsibility and Undergraduates. Manuscripts,
post-conference workshop summaries, and news on guidelines
related to responsible research are merely a few of the
resources posted at this site.
Creating
a Code of Ethics for Your Organization
http://www.ethicsweb.ca/codes/
Chris MacDonald, PhD, Philosophy Department, St. Mary's
University (Halifax, Canada) has put together this site
with links to resources to assist individuals and groups
in writing a code of ethics. He discusses why organizations
and institutions should even have a code and provides guidance
in writing one. He also provides links to essays on ethics,
sample codes and contacts for ethics consultants.
Ethical
Principles for College and University Teaching
http://www.aahebulletin.com/public/archive/Ethical%20Principles.asp
In May 1996, Canada's Society for Teaching and Learning
in Higher Education (STLHE) began distributing a document
entitled, "Ethical Principles for College and University
Teaching" to its membership. The Society doesn't consider
it to be the final word on the topic but "food for
thought". This site has a document posted to spark
discussions on this topic in the U. S.
Federal
Policy on Research Misconduct
http://www.ostp.gov/html/001207_3.html
The Office of Science & Technology Policy has posted
this site that includes information on issues such as requirements
for findings of scientific misconduct, responsibilities
of federal agencies and research institutions, guidelines
for fair and timely procedures, and agency administrative
actions.
Framework
for Policies and Procedures to Deal with Research Fraud
http://www.aau.edu/reports/FrwkRschFraud.html
This Association of American Universities document grew
out of the belief that universities should be held responsible
for the actions of their faculty and staff, not research
sponsors. As a result of this belief an interagency group
got together to develop this "framework" in 1988.
Areas such as "Definition of Research Fraud" and
"Process for Handling Allegations of Research Fraud"
are covered in this document.
Illinois
Institute of Technology Codes of Ethics Online
http://www.iit.edu/departments/csep/PublicWWW/codes/
Illinois Institute of Technology's Center for the Study
of Ethics in the Professions developed this online collection
of over 850 codes of ethics. They were given a grant from
NSF in 1996 to put their collection of codes on the Web,
and it has grown out of the Center's Library of codes that
resides in their vertical file. In addition to the codes,
resources for authoring a code, case studies and other information
can be found at this site.
National
Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE): Ethics in Employment
Task Force Report
http://www.nspe.org/ethics/eh1-report.asp
NSPE believes that engineers have an obligation to make
known ethical concerns in the workplace. This document lists
conditions that need to exist in order for there to be a
healthy work environment. Issues such as solving ethical
dilemmas, reporting concerns & violations and questions
to ask before taking action are some of the areas covered
in this document.
Office
of Human Research Protections (OHRP)
http://ohrp.osophs.dhhs.gov/
This OHRP site, part of the U.S. Department of Health and
Human Services, provides links to Institutional Review Board
(IRB) registration and filing information, policy guidelines,
compliance oversights, educational materials and upcoming
workshop events.
Office
of Research Integrity (ORI)
http://ori.dhhs.gov
The goal of ORI is to "promote integrity in biomedical
and behavioral research supported by the Public Health Service
(PHS)". This site has links to resources like breaking
news stories, tips for handling misconduct, publications,
and policies/regulations/statutes.
Scientific
Freedom, Responsibility & Law
http://www.aaas.org/spp/sfrl/
An AAAS Directorate for Science & Policy that focuses
on the ethical, legal and social issues associated with
the conduct of research and with the advances in science
and technology. Information and links to projects &
activities, publications, and access to the PER newsletter
(http://www.aaas.org/spp/sfrl/per/per.htm)
can be found at this site.
University
of California, San Diego: Office of Graduate Studies and
Research
The Office of Graduate Studies and Research at the University
of California, San Diego (UCSD) has posted policies that
are applicable to those doing research.
University
of Illinois Handbook for Good Ethical Practice for Faculty
and Staff: 2nd ed.
http://ethics.uillinois.edu
"The handbook contains references and resources to
provide a framework for proper conduct and to assist employees
in making sound judgments that not only further the interests
of the university but also treat all members of our community
fairly and respectfully."
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Resources & Centers
Academic
Integrity in the Classroom: A Selected List of Resources
for the University of Michigan
http://www.lib.umich.edu/acadintegrity/index.htm
Even though the title suggests the resources found at this
site are specifically for those at the University of Michigan,
there are numerous resources that are applicable to students
and instructors at any institution.
Centre
for Applied Ethics
http://www.ethics.ubc.ca
The Centre for Applied Ethics was created in 1993 by the
University of British Columbia's Board of Governors as an
interdisciplinary research center. Their goal is to advance
research in the area of applied ethics, and their site includes
resources in areas such as health care, business, animal
welfare & use, and the media.
Chowan
College Center for Ethics
http://www.chowan.edu/acadp/ethics/
Faculty at Chowan College in Murfreesboro, North Carolina
voted to establish the Chowan Center for Ethics in 1997.
The Center's principle objective is "to heighten ethical
awareness and 'moral imagination'" by encouraging discussion
about today's ethical issues. Numerous resources can be
found such as links to ethics and community resource sites
and ethics across the curriculum resources.
ELSI
Project: Ethical, Legal and Social Issues in Science
http://www.lbl.gov/Education/ELSI/ELSI.html
The ELSI Project was developed by the Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory (LBNL) as a way to explore ethical issues
that surround research occurring at LBNL and other national
labs.
Ethics
and Science: Washington University, St. Louis
http://www.library.wustl.edu/subjects/generalsci/ethics.html
The Washington University Library has developed a site with
numerous ethical resources available on the Web. Ethics
information covering all areas and disciplines are provided.
Ethics
in Science
http://www.chem.vt.edu/ethics/ethics.html
Science ethics resources and science ethics essays are the
two types of materials found at this site. Ethics in Science
is no longer updated on a regular basis, but it still contains
germane materials.
Ethics
in Science: Annotated Bibliography, Towson University
http://www.towson.edu/users/sweeting/ethics/ethicbib.htm
Dr. Linda Sweeting, Department of Chemistry at Towson University,
created this annotated bibliography for the advanced writing
course "Professional Ethics for Scientists". It
is organized by topic areas such as Internet, course topics,
novels and writing tips.
Ethics
on the World Wide Web
http://commfaculty.fullerton.edu/lester/ethics/ethics_list.html
The School of Communications at California State University
developed this ethics site that contains information on
associations, codes, and topic areas such as science, business
and medicine.
Ethics
Updates Home Page: Moral Theory; Relativism; Pluralism;
Religion; Egoism; Utilitarianism; Deontology; Duty; Human
Right
http://ethics.acusd.edu
Lawrence Hinman founded this site to be primarily used by
ethics instructors and their students in 1994 and continues
to edit and maintain it. Resources on ethical theory, applied
ethics and additional resources such as case discussions
and ethical forums can be located at this site. If you want
to learn more about ethics jargon, check out the Ethics
Glossary at http://ethics.acusd.edu/Glossary.html.
Good
Laboratory Practices Online
http://www.glpguru.com/links.shtml
This site, created by Dr. Paul Lepore, a pharmaceutical
industry consultant who retired and no longer updates this
site, but relevant materials, such as links, online documents
and article archives can still be accessed.
Institute
for the Study of Applied and Professional Ethics
http://www.dartmouth.edu/artsci/ethics-inst/Othersites.html
An interest in ethics at Dartmouth College began as a grass-roots
initiative by the faculty. This site provides a list of
various ethics resources available on the Web.
Integrity
in Science A CSPI Project
http://www.cspinet.org/integrity/index.html
Virginia Ashby Sharpe, Ph.D., a bioethicist who has focused
her career on ethical issues in health care and the environment,
directs this project of the Center for Science in the Public
Interest (http://www.cspinet.org/index.html).
This projected stemmed from the growing number of partnerships
between science and industry and the ethical issues that
result from such partnerships.
Internet
Resources Research Ethics
http://bubl.ac.uk/link/r/researchethics.htm
BUBL Link is a mega "catalog" of Internet resources
covering various academic subject areas. An extensive section
on research ethics has been compiled at this site.
The
Kenan Institute for Ethics
http://kenan.ethics.duke.edu/links9.asp
The Kenan Institute for Ethics at Duke University was started
in 1995 with a 5 year grant from the William R. Kenan Jr.
Fund for Ethics. Frank Kenan was concerned about the growing
lack of ethics in public affairs and business, and developed
this and other ethics programs in North Carolina in response
to that concern. The Links section of this site has numerous
resources covering areas such as ethics associations &
centers, journals & Web sites, business & professional
ethics and research ethics.
Markkula
Center for Applied Ethics
http://www.scu.edu/ethics/
The Markkula Center for Applied Ethics was founded in 1986
and has grown into one of the most active university applied
ethics centers in the country. It is based at Santa Clara
University, and was initially funded by an endowment by
Linda and A. C. "Mike" Markkula Jr. Articles,
cases, briefings and dialogue in all areas of applied ethics
can be found at this online center.
North
Carolina State University Research Ethics Modules
http://www.fis.ncsu.edu/Grad/ethics/modules/index.htm
North Carolina State faculty experts were instrumental in
the development of the 10 ethics modules presented at this
site. Each module covers a specific topic in the area of
research ethics, such as authorship, animal & human
subjects, research misconduct and intellectual property.
The
Online Ethics Center for Engineering & Science
http://onlineethics.org
The Online Ethics Center is a great ethics resource for
the sciences. It was established in the fall of 1995 under
a grant from NSF, and its mission is to "provide engineers
and scientists and science and engineering students with
resources useful for understanding and addressing ethically
significant problems that arise in their work life".
Links to cases, essays, codes of ethics and reference materials
are merely a few of the resources found at this site.
On-Line
Science Ethics Resources
http://www.chem.vt.edu/ethics/vinny/ethxonline.html
Brian Tissue, Department of Chemistry at Virginia Polytechnic
Institute, maintains the resources available at this site.
Resources include links to Web sites, science ethics centers,
and online codes of conduct, guidelines for authors and
more.
Open
Directory - Science in Society Research Ethics
http://dmoz.org/Science/Science_in_Society/Research_Ethics/
The Open Directory Project claims to be the "largest,
most comprehensive human-edited directory of the Web".
Resources included in their Research Ethics section include
general research ethics materials, bioethics resources and
guidelines to codes & publications. Related links for
information on subjects like issues in science and technology
can be found in their "see also" section.
Philosophical
Foundations of Scientific Ethics
http://www.physics.emich.edu/mthomsen/resn1.htm
David Resnick, Department of Philosophy at the University
of Wyoming presented this paper at the Ethical Issues in
Physics Workshop. Resnick discusses the concepts of scientific
ethics and suggests that internal concerns and the norms
of society guide scientific ethics.
Other
articles on scientific ethics presented at the Ethical Issues
in Physics Workshop can be found at http://www.physics.emich.edu/mthomsen/ethtaboc.htm.
Kenneth
Pimple, PhD-Poynter Center
- Home
Page
http://php.indiana.edu/~pimple/
Kenneth Pimple is the director of the Teaching Research
Ethics Programs at the Poynter Center. His home page has
numerous ethics resources including papers and presentations
on ethics, case studies, and letters on federal policy.
- Responsible
Conduct of Research (RCR) Training
http://php.indiana.edu/~pimple/rcr-training.html
This is another site created by Kenneth Pimple. It provides
links to training materials in responsible conduct of
research and human subjects protections. Some resource
examples include directories, online training resources,
and other ethics projects.
- Using
Short Writing Assignments in Teaching Research Ethics
http://www.indiana.edu/~poynter/tre-wrtg.html
Kenneth Pimple developed four short writing assignments
using free writing, the non-quiz, the one-minute paper,
and logbooks. These assignments are designed to help students
think more deeply about ethical issues.
- Using
Small Group Assignments in Teaching Research Ethics
http://www.indiana.edu/~poynter/tre-grps.html
Students may be too intimidated to discuss ethical issues
in front of a large group or class. Small group assignments
may help break the ice and lead to moving to a larger
group discussion on ethics. Kenneth Pimple has developed
different assignments that can be used to facilitate ethical
discussion in the classroom.
Poynter
Center
http://www.indiana.edu/~poynter/
In 1972, this endowed ethics center was established with funding
assistance from Nelson Poynter. The Center's Web site includes
links to their major projects, like the Teaching Research
Ethics workshop, publications and other ethics resources.
- Teaching
Research Ethics Conference: A Workshop at Indiana University
http://poynter.indiana.edu/tre.html
One of the major projects that the Poynter Center is involved
in is the Teaching Research Ethics Conference. This workshop
is designed to teach ethics to scientists who are involved
in training graduate students in this area. Supplemental
materials to this workshop are linked on this page.
Research
Ethics for Scientists
http://www.phil.uga.edu/faculty/wolf/sci.htm
Clark Wolf, Department of Philosophy at the University of
Georgia, originally prepared this site for the 1997 Southeastern
Association for Research in Astronomy (SARA) summer Research
Experiences for Undergraduates (REU) program. Wolf includes
resources on research ethics, responsible conduct and cases
for consideration.
Responsible
Conduct of Research (RCR) Education: RCR Instructional Resources
http://ori.hhs.gov/html/programs/instructresource.asp
This site is designed to be a resource to help institutions
develop their own RCR program and to facilitate the sharing
of resources among institutions. Some of the resources currently
available at this site include comprehensive RCR resources,
mentor/trainee responsibilities materials, human and animal
subjects links and research misconduct information.
Responsible
Conduct of Research (RCR) Online: The Online Resource for
Instruction and Training in Research Ethics
http://rcr.ucsd.edu
The purpose of this site is to assist instructors of responsible
conduct of research. This site, which is currently being
expanded, is designed to provide:
- a
focus for the community of people interested in promoting
RCR.
- a
step-by-step approach to developing a program for instruction
in the responsible conduct of research (RCR).
Resources
available at this site include goals for teaching RCR, formats
for teaching RCR, case studies and other materials.
SHiPS
Research Ethics
http://www1.umn.edu/ships/ethics/research.htm
SHiPS began in 1989 and is made up of a network of science
teachers. They developed this online library for researchers
to use as a resource to plan and learn more about the social
sciences and about social science issues. The section on
Research Ethics contains classroom and historical case studies,
institutions & policies, periodicals and essays.
Teaching
Chemical Research Ethics
http://www.lib.duke.edu/chem/ethics/
The Duke University Chemistry Library has designed this
site primarily for the university professor or lab manager
who wants to incorporate research ethics into their curriculum.
All the resources on this site have been developed to be
applicable to undergraduate and graduate students. Case
studies, journals, core texts, and encyclopedias are just
a few of the types of resources available at this site.
Teaching
Ethics for Research, Scholarship & Practice
http://www.research.umn.edu/ethics/
The Office of the Vice President for Research and the Dean
of the Graduate School at the University of Minnesota have
developed this site to be a resource for faculty who are
integrating research ethics into their curriculum. It is
also designed to "foster increased awareness of ethical
issues". Types of materials included at this site are
course development resources, instructional materials and
outside links.
Walter
W. Stewart's Site on Scientific Misconduct
http://home.t-online.de/home/Bernhard.Hiller/wstewart/main.html
Walter W. Stewart and Ned Feder have a long-standing interest
in scientific misconduct. Links to cases of misconduct,
whistleblowers, and articles on misconduct can be found
at this site.
Wharton
Ethics Program
http://ethics.wharton.upenn.edu/Home.htm
The goal of this program is to "produce outstanding
research on ethical issues confronting business managers
and firms; to study the effectiveness of management strategies
for creating an ethical environment within firms; to study
the impact of public policy on ethical behaviors in business
and to critically consider the content, role, and effectiveness
of ethics education". A ticker tape bar runs across
this site with the latest news articles that have an ethics
slant to them. The Research section of the site has links
to Web sites dealing with ethics.
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